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Sains Malaysiana 54(10)(2025): 2377-2389
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5410-04
Perivascular Stem Cells Demonstrate Similar Stemness
and Chondrogenic Expression Potential as Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(Sel Stem Perivaskular Menunjukkan Potensi Stem dan Ekspresi Kondrogen seperti Sel Stem Mesenkimal)
XIAO-LONG SHAN1, TUNKU KAMARUL1, QI HAO DANIEL LOOI2, JHI BIAU FOO3, RAJA ELINA AHMAD4, SUGESH RAGHAVAN1, GANG LI5 & PAN PAN CHONG1,*
1Tissue
Engineering Group, National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and
Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya,
Received: 19 February 2025/Accepted: 9 August 2025
Abstract
Perivascular stem cells (PSCs), namely pericytes,
are more accessible than traditional sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
such as bone marrow and serve as an excellent alternative cell source for
treating articular cartilage damage. However, evidence of its multipotent or
chondrogenic potential compared to MSCs appears lacking. The present study was
thus conducted to (i) Isolate and characterize rat
adipose tissue (AT)-derived and peripheral blood (PB)-derived PSC, as well as
bone marrow (BM)-derived and PB-derived MSCs; (ii) Establish their
multipotentiality; and (iii) Trilineage differentiation of their potentials in
vitro. PSCs from AT and PB were isolated using magnetic-activated cell
sorting, while MSCs were isolated from BM and PB using density gradient
centrifugation. Immunophenotyping of PSCs and MSCs was analysed using flow
cytometry. Trilineage differentiation of the cells was subsequently assessed
using Haematoxylin–Fast Green–Safranin O staining for chondrogenesis, Alizarin
Red S for osteogenesis, and Oil Red O for adipogenesis. Chondrogenesis was also analyzed by measuring the production of sulphated
glycosaminoglycans. The results showed that both PSCs were similar to MSCs in
expressing surface protein markers and the ability to undergo self-renewal and
tri-lineage differentiation. However, PSCs expressed higher CD146 levels than
MSCs. AT-PSCs exhibited the highest level of proteoglycan content, whereas the
chondrogenic potential of PB-PSCs, BM-MSCs, and PB-MSCs demonstrated similar
levels. Compared to MSCs, PSCs from various sources demonstrate comparable or
higher chondrogenic potential, indicating that PSCs are a superior stem cell
source for future cartilage injury treatment strategies.
Keywords: Chondrogenic expression; mesenchymal
stem cell; pericyte; perivascular stem cell
Abstrak
Sel stem perivaskular (PSC), iaitu perisits, lebih mudah didapati daripada sumber tradisional sel stem mesenkimal (MSC) seperti sumsum tulang, menjadikannya sebagai sumber sel alternatif yang sangat baik untuk merawat kerosakan rawan artikular. Walau bagaimanapun, bukti potensi multipoten atau kondrogennya berbanding MSC masih kurang. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk (i) mengasing dan mencirikan tisu adiposa (AT) tikus dan PSC terbitan darah periferi (PB) serta MSC yang berasal daripada sumsum tulang (BM) dan PB; (ii) membuktikan pelbagai potensi mereka; dan (iii) mengkaji potensi pembezaan trilineage secara in vitro. PSC daripada AT dan PB telah diasingkan menggunakan pengisihan sel diaktifkan magnetik, manakala MSC diasingkan daripada BM dan PB menggunakan pengemparan kecerunan ketumpatan. Immunofenotip PSC dan MSC dianalisis menggunakan sitometri aliran. Pembezaan trilineage sel kemudian dinilai menggunakan pewarnaan dan ujian. Krondrogenesis dianalisis dengan mengukur tahap glikosaminoglikan tersulfat. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa PSC adalah serupa dengan MSC yang ditunjukkan dengan ekspresi penanda protein permukaan dan keupayaan untuk menjalani pembaharuan diri dan pembezaan tiga keturunan. Walau bagaimanapun, PSC ekspresi tahap CD146 dalam PSC adalah lebih tinggi daripada MSC. AT-PSC menunjukkan kandungan proteoglikan tertinggi, manakala potensi kondrogen PB-PSC, BM-MSC
dan PB-MSC menunjukkan tahap yang sama. Berbanding dengan MSC, PSC daripada pelbagai sumber menunjukkan potensi kondrogen yang setanding atau lebih baik, menunjukkan bahawa PSC berpotensi menjadi sumber sel stem yang unggul untuk strategi rawatan kecederaan rawan masa hadapan.
Kata kunci: Ekspresi kondrogen; perisit; sel stem mesenkimal; sel stem perivascular
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